Civilizations in Crisis: Ottomans, Egypt, and China

Ottoman Empire and Egypt

As industrialzed European nations were expanding their imperial possessions the Ottoman Empire and Egypt were in decline.

As you read pages 593-604 take notes in the chart below. Be sure to focus on causes of decline, European inervention and reform programs

Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of Turkey

Western Intrusions and Crisis: Egypt

Corruption was destroying Ottoman Empire Provincial officials & local land-owners cheated Sultans of tax revenue by only giving them a portion, and keeping the rest for themselves Artisans & merchants upset over manufactured goods coming from Europe 18th and 19th centuries = riots from artisans, because of manufactures from Europe Ottoman's started to become dependent on Euro & Ottoman's economy started to decline Ottoman Empire fought internally Army wasn't advanced in weapons or tactics, like Europe Austrians beat Ottoman's out of Hungary & N. Balkans Reform and Survival Russia was a threat to Britain's navy, so Britian sided with Ottoman's & helped them survive a bit longer Ottomans had to have reforms to survive; some said Euro style, some said go back to the past, and some said no to reforms in general (19th B.C.E.) Selim III (1789 -1807): Sultan in late 17th century, wanted bold reforms; (+) administrive efficiency (+) building new army & navy but that angered people of the bureaucracy ---> toppled by Janissary revolt in 1807 (killed him) Mahmud II: created a well trained army w/ the help of Euro advisors; wanted to put down Janissaries ---> when Janissaries created a mob in Istanbul, they were greeted by the army (secret army) and were all killed Mahmud II started reforms out shing Selim III ---> Ulama wanted to return Islamic past but Mahmud wanted Western reforms -----> started reform by making secret army into the whole army; brought Euro advisors to look over training Tanzimat Reforms (1839-1876): Uni. education recognized, state postal & telegraph systems (1830's), railways (1860's), newspapers started, constitution in 1876, heavily based on Europeans Empire grew to become more western; helped some people, but (-) affect on artisans & women ---> 1838 treaty removed taxes on foreign trade, hurting artisans ---> word on women's edu. & rights was in talk, but didn't happen til after 1908 Repression and revolt Reforms were working to fend off attacks by foreigners, but the Sultans were at risk; ---> westerns wanted to change the society completely ---> Ulama & Ayans wanted to preserve as much as they could of the empire Abdul Hamid: Ottoman Sultan responded to westernization by trying to return to despotic absolutism; ---> if anybody was suspected of doing otherwise, or betraying him, they were tortured, and then killed ---> Abdul Hamid kept westernization alive in the army though, also in railways, telegraphs, & education Ottoman Society for Union and Progress (1889); turks professed their loyality to the Ottoman Empire & restoring the constitution of 1876 (wanted to stop A.H.) Many Sultans that were left, were not ready to die for the regime Group of officers restored constitution & promised reforms Sultan was still the highest authority; but fighting over the loss of Libya to Italy weakened them Young turks managed to stop the collapse of empire by playing Euros against each other Turks did not want to give up what they ruled for 600 years; ---> Arabs did not agree b/c Turks wanted to enforce strict rules, worse than the Sultans before ---> With growing tensions, Ottoman Empire was cut short in Aug. 1914

Arabs of Fertile Crescent, Egypt, Coastal Arabia, and Northen Africa had lived under the Ottoman-Turkish rule for centuries, they did dislike the Turks, but liked the Ottoman's b/c of their strong beliefs in Islam ---> losing Ottoman meant Europe would come through and take over, like they have in other parts of the world; (they are scared!!!) Napoleon's take over of Egypt didn't have to do w/ making an empire but to take Britian's rule out of India ---> when he went to take over Egypt, he was surprised by Mamluk regime, defending Egypt Muhammad Ali and the Failure of Westernization in Egypt Mamluk: litterly means slaves Murad: head of coalition of mamluk Murad was defeated by Napoleon b/c of their ignorance, which was typical of Muslims at the time Mamluks defeat was traumatic b/c they were looked at so highly in Islamic world ---> Egypt did nothing for Napoleon, expansion wise ---> British caught up & defeated the French; Napoleon ran back to Paris Muhammad Ali: came out as ruler of Egypt after invasions (was Albanian) ---> built up Egypt's army, using help from French officers, western weapons, and western tactics ---> put together most effective army of the Middle East ---> invaded Syria, threatened Istanbul many times Tried to reform other aspects of Egypt, but weren't all successful ---> economy: increase production of crops ---> improve harbors & irrigation systems, which increased revenue ---> reform of education did not work Muhammad Ali died in 1848 Had successors known as Khedives after 1867 Were formal rulers until overthrown by military, and taken over by Gamel Abdul Nasser in 1952 Bankruptcy, European Intervention, and Strategies of Resistance Muhammad Ali's successors ruined his efforts, even though the economy flourished, the peasants had no reward, and were starving Khedives spent all the revenue on themselves, and a little bit on the military; this led to being in debt to Europe Built a canal, Suez Canal to connect the Meditarranean & Red Seas, completed in 1869 ---> Euro's built it to keep power in Egypt Muslim intellectuals started to start discussions amongst themselves to keep the Europeans away al-Afghani (1839-1897) and his disciple, Muhammad Abduh (1849-1905) wanted Muslims to borrow scientific learning & technology from the West, to revive earlier capacity to innovate ---> the thinking behind it was that the Europeans learned from the Muslims before and got ahead, so the Muslims should get ahead from their info Many of the Muslims agreed on Muslim unity, but couldn't think of how to unify, they all had different approaches that they couldn't agree on *

The Qing Empire

As you read 604 to 611 take outline notes on the Rise and Fall of the Qing Empire. Be sure to include Main Ideas for each subtopic and to highlight key terms.

RISE of the Qing Empire:

• Nurchaci (1559-1626) was a local leader who brought together and unified the Manchu tribes that were fighting amongst each other

---> he created 8 Banner armies, which were armies of the unified tribes, and what made them unified was that their fighting tactics were blended together

• During the first decades of the 17th century, he brought together Manchuria, and other non-Manchurians, under his rule
• Nurchaci harrassed the Chinese greatly, but still converted his bureaucracy & court ceremonies, those just like the Chinese
• With the weakening Ming empire, the Manchus had a chance to sieze China, and they did by spreading rebellions against the Chinese about their govt.
• The Qing name was taken by the Manchurians as a dynasty name, when they took over China

---> Qing empire took control of the largest area of China ever, with the only exception being the Tang empire

• Since the Manchus only made up 2% of the Chinese population, they kept a lot of the Chinese's old stuff, to make sure they were intregating with the Chinese

---> (+) Confucian rituals to court calendar, kept Chinese scholar-officials in office, & also excused those who had went against the Manchus in the begining

Economy and Society in the Early Centuries of Qing Rule:

• wanted to preserve traditonal Chinese systems, like male over female, old over young, scholar over commoner
• woman were still considered to be only housewivesonly, and were still below sons; men really outnumbered women
• men ruled over everything; women hoped to be married in a strong family & did not want to be concubine
• manchu's lowered taxes & state labor demands, offered incentives to people if they moved to abandoned lands
• a lot of money went to re-focusing and fixing canals, dikes, roadways, and extending irrigation systems; peasants were encourged to plant new crops
• could not control landlord classes; landloard classes became stronger, bought out other lands and acquired even more peasants and workers

to work for them --> gentry men grew out nails to represent that they didn't have to work

• compradors, a new group of wealthy merchants, started to specialize in import-export trade on south coast of China; major link b/w China & outside world

Rot from Within: Bureaucratic Breakdown and Social Disintegration:

• by late 18th century, Qing dynasty was in decline; corruption within, tests were being cheated on, sons were put into place, anybody with $$ can get a post, and everything could be bought out to be in the govt.
• protests were held because of all the cheating going on in the govt; wealthier wanted a spot so they can become richer
• economy was starting to go down hill because the families were using money on themselves and not the state
• yellow river was not being properly treated
• Shandong peninsula was most in failure; millions of peasants were left w/o livestock or land to cultivate, and thousands died of famine & diseases
• food shortages and landlord demands created mass migrations bcz of further decline
• China needed new technologies and innovations to further survive

Barbarians at the Southern Gates: The Opium War and After

• barbarians threatened China, but because of Qing's ignorance, they didn't take it seriously
• G.B. was a great threat because they were China's equal in sophistication, but they had better scientific & industrial revolutions, which would allow their small army to defeat China
• The Chinese & India were in an Opium War; India had better, potent Opium than China and sold more
• opium was a threat to China & it's economy; China's outside trade was reveresed, economy, agricultural, unemployment had tanked
• Qing emperors realized they had to put an end to the Opium in their country b/c of the (-) toll it took on their nation
• Lin Zexu, an official who was incorruptibility, went down to Canton and destroyed all the Opium he found from the Europeans
• war broke out b/w Chinese & Europeans b/c Euro's wanted Chinese to stop their ban on Opium; Euro's won
• Euros forced Chinese to open their trade to world; 90 ports were open to Britain, France, Germany, Russia, Euros, & Americans
• British officials basically, slowly started to take over China, and were starting to embed themselves in their administration

A Civilization at Risk: Rebellion and Failed Reforms:

• Taiping Rebellion, led by mentally unstable, semi-Christianized prophet Hong Xiuquan; rebellions swept through south China in 1850's & early 1860's
• Hong created an army, won many fights against Qing army, & established a capital at Nanjing, but also were done after 5 years
• Taiping rebellion was a massive threat to Qing empire & the Confucius living, because of its following & how strong it was
• Self-strengthening movement - countering challange from the west
• Zeng Guofan carried out reforms to take out corruption & revive Chinese economy; Zeng took out Taiping's
• Hong died, due to illness/ suicide
• Manchus resisted reforms, but did allow Western like reforms, but clashing within did not allow any reforms to help China
• Empress Cixi was the last to rule the dynasty (empress)
• Boxer rebellion - secretly backed outburst to take out foreigners from China, broke out 1898, but was put down because of imperialism --> which led to Euro's control over China (even more)

The Fall of the Qing: The End of a Civilization?

• Manchus were about to be taken out; many underground organizations started plans against the Manchus
• Sons of scholar-gentry & merchants were becoming more involved in the secret societies to overthrow regime
• Sun Yat-sen, emereged as a revolutionary leader, who wanted to relieve the misery of the peasants & urban workers (wanted westernization!!!)
• Many of the rebels cut of their ponytails as a rebellion against the Manchus
• The last emperor of China, Puyi, & created a republican govt in China
• After 1910, a new China was formed